Skin/Autoimmune

Discoid Lupus Erythematosus (DLE)

Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that causes scarring skin lesions. It is the most common form of cutaneous (skin) lupus. Lesions are typically round, scaly, and red-to-violet in color and can leave permanent scars. Although primarily a skin condition, a small percentage of DLE patients may develop systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

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Symptoms

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Causes

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Treatments

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Prevention

Condition Overview

Understand key symptoms, causes, diagnosis options, and treatment pathways for Discoid Lupus Erythematosus (DLE). This overview is intended for patient awareness and should be followed by specialist consultation.

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Symptoms

  • Round, coin-shaped, scaly plaques on the face, scalp, ears, and neck
  • Skin discoloration (hyperpigmentation or hypopigmentation) after lesions heal
  • Scarring hair loss (scarring alopecia) on the scalp
  • Thickened skin
  • Photosensitivity

Causes

  • Autoimmune attack on skin
  • Genetic predisposition
  • UV light triggers or worsens lesions
  • Overlap with systemic autoimmune disease

Diagnosis

  • Physical examination
  • Skin biopsy (direct immunofluorescence)
  • ANA and other lupus antibody testing (to rule out SLE)

Treatment

  • Strict sun protection (sunscreen, protective clothing)
  • Topical corticosteroids
  • Topical calcineurin inhibitors (tacrolimus)
  • Hydroxychloroquine
  • Systemic immunosuppressants for refractory cases

Risk Factors

  • Female sex
  • Age 20–40
  • Dark skin
  • Smoking (worsens and reduces treatment response)
  • Family history of lupus

Prevention

  • Daily sun protection (SPF 50+)
  • Avoid excessive sun exposure
  • Quit smoking

Prevalence

Affects approximately 3 per 100,000 people; DLE is the most common form of cutaneous lupus.