Musculoskeletal

Flat Feet (Pes Planus)

Flat feet (pes planus) is a condition in which the arch of the foot is lower than normal or entirely absent, causing the entire sole of the foot to make contact with the ground. Flat feet can be present from birth or may develop over time. Most people with flat feet experience no pain; however, some develop foot, ankle, knee, or back pain.

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Symptoms

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Causes

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Treatments

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Prevention

Condition Overview

Understand key symptoms, causes, diagnosis options, and treatment pathways for Flat Feet (Pes Planus). This overview is intended for patient awareness and should be followed by specialist consultation.

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Symptoms

  • Foot pain, especially in the arch or heel
  • The inside bottom of the foot touching the ground
  • Tired or achy feet after standing
  • Swelling on the inside of the ankle
  • Difficulty standing on tiptoe
  • Knee, hip, or back pain due to altered alignment

Causes

  • Congenital (present from birth)
  • Fallen arches over time (posterior tibial tendon dysfunction)
  • Injury to the foot or ankle
  • Nerve problems
  • Conditions: RA, diabetes, obesity

Diagnosis

  • Physical examination (wet footprint test, tiptoe test)
  • X-rays
  • CT scan
  • MRI
  • Ultrasound

Treatment

  • Arch supports (orthotics)
  • Stretching exercises
  • Supportive shoes
  • Physical therapy
  • Surgery (severe cases: osteotomy, fusion)

Risk Factors

  • Obesity
  • Age
  • Rheumatoid arthritis
  • Diabetes
  • Pregnancy
  • Family history

Prevention

  • Maintain healthy weight
  • Supportive footwear from childhood
  • Avoid high heels for prolonged periods

Prevalence

Affects about 20–30% of adults; most have no symptoms.