Musculoskeletal

Hypermobility Spectrum Disorder (HSD)

Hypermobility Spectrum Disorder (HSD) is a group of conditions characterized by joint hypermobility that causes pain and functional impairment, but does not meet the diagnostic criteria for a heritable connective tissue disorder such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. HSD is classified into four subtypes based on the distribution of hypermobility and associated features.

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Symptoms

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Causes

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Treatments

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Prevention

Condition Overview

Understand key symptoms, causes, diagnosis options, and treatment pathways for Hypermobility Spectrum Disorder (HSD). This overview is intended for patient awareness and should be followed by specialist consultation.

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Symptoms

  • Widespread or localized joint hypermobility
  • Musculoskeletal pain
  • Fatigue
  • Soft tissue injuries
  • Joint instability
  • Autonomic dysfunction (POTS)
  • Gastrointestinal problems

Causes

  • Connective tissue laxity
  • Likely genetic underpinnings
  • Abnormalities in collagen structure or processing

Diagnosis

  • Beighton hypermobility score
  • Assessment of pain and functional impairment
  • Exclusion of defined connective tissue disorders

Treatment

  • Physiotherapy (muscle strengthening, proprioception)
  • Pain management
  • Occupational therapy
  • Lifestyle modifications
  • Orthotic devices

Risk Factors

  • Family history
  • Female sex
  • Young age

Prevention

  • No known prevention
  • Protective exercise strategies reduce injury risk

Prevalence

Prevalence estimated at 0.75–2% with symptomatic hypermobility; much higher rates of asymptomatic hypermobility.