Infectious/Musculoskeletal

Lyme Disease

Lyme disease is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi, transmitted to humans through the bite of infected blacklegged ticks. Most cases can be treated successfully with a few weeks of antibiotics. If left untreated, infection can spread to the joints, heart, and nervous system.

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Symptoms

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Causes

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Treatments

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Prevention

Condition Overview

Understand key symptoms, causes, diagnosis options, and treatment pathways for Lyme Disease. This overview is intended for patient awareness and should be followed by specialist consultation.

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Symptoms

  • Expanding red rash (erythema migrans)
  • Flu-like symptoms (fever, chills, fatigue, body aches, headache)
  • Joint pain and swelling (especially knees)
  • Neurological problems (Bell's palsy, meningitis)
  • Heart palpitations or irregular heartbeat

Causes

  • Borrelia burgdorferi bacteria
  • Transmitted by deer tick (Ixodes scapularis) bite

Diagnosis

  • Clinical assessment (rash, tick exposure)
  • ELISA blood test
  • Western blot test

Treatment

  • Oral antibiotics (doxycycline, amoxicillin, cefuroxime)
  • IV antibiotics for severe cases

Risk Factors

  • Spending time in wooded or grassy areas
  • Exposed skin
  • Not removing ticks promptly

Prevention

  • Use insect repellent
  • Wear protective clothing
  • Check for ticks daily
  • Shower after outdoor activities
  • Tick prevention for pets

Prevalence

Approximately 30,000 cases reported annually in the US; actual numbers estimated 10x higher.

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